Gothic Architecture And Its Impact On The Modern World

Technology, culture, architecture, and all other aspects of Earth are on an ever-evolving cycle, reaching closer and closer to perfection at each tick of the clock. Witnessing these developments is like candy to our eyes, as we dwell in the research and creation of new models. Imagine the base model of all development as a Romanesque style of architecture, and the more improved model as gothic. Because gothic architecture was formed over a span of 5 centuries later than that of the romans, it is an obvious factor that more profound techniques were formed and better structures were built. Today I am going to take you on a visual tour of the two most well known cathedrals in Medieval times. The first, Le Puy Cathedral, is centered on volcanic rock looking over Le Puy, France. It features an entirely Romanesque architectural design, and follows just about every common rule of roman architecture. The second cathedral you will journey through is the Exeter Cathedral, which demonstrates an entirely opposite design. The gothic architecture of this building is depicted on all sides, and can be seen on even the smallest of items within the cathedral. Both of these complex structures feature distinct designs, each with their own intended purpose. These visual walkthroughs will touch on the buildings architectural aspects and why they were selected to impress their visitors. Picture yourself atop one of the highest points in France, Mount Anis, overlooking the entire town. In front ofShow MoreRelatedThe History of Gothic Architecture in Italy Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesAbbott Suger wanted to make Saint Denis a magnificent showplace as the royal Abbey church of France and burial place of French kings. Ribbed vault which were capable of spanning large areas was designed to make gothic churches larger. These Gothic Churches were characterized by enlarged clerestory zone, windows enormous size with inserted new zone and triforium below the ribbed vaults and supporting of an arcade of high piers lining of the nave. These characteristics ensured the support of theRead More San Diego Mormon Temple and the Chartres Cathedral in France1211 Words   |  5 PagesSan Diego Mormon Temple and the Chartres Cathedral in France The San Diego Mormon Temple bases its architecture on gothic roots; where the epitome of early gothic architecture is the Chartres Cathedral in France. The Mormon Temple is made of white aggregate stone and stucco, very angular and massive, built as a Gothic revival temple. Designed by William Lewis, Jr., the architect took into consideration Mormon temples in Salt Lake City and Washington, D.C.Read MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Europe1174 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance proved to be the most important event in shaping a modern Europe, with developments in education, class structure/order and social change issues, religion, building construction/use, Medici banking system, art and architecture, humanism, printing and the printing press, and the scientific and medical changes of the Islamic Renaissance. The changes in the development of education during the Renaissance begins to influence the shape of modern Europe. The beginning changes in education can be tracedRead MoreGothic Sculpture And Gothic Art1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gothic Sculpture had not been only a design of art but an exceptionally influential period formulated with its own intricate history. The word is utilized to spell it out buildings and items whose varieties are based after a variety of characteristics from the 12th to the end of the 15th century. Gothic style was a development of the Romanesque yet it was Renaissance humanists who first used it as a disparaging term to spell it out what they noticed as the barbaric structures. With Gothic sculptureRead MoreTop Ten1569 Words   |  7 PagesTop Ten Assignment The Enlightenment and Romanic Ages produced numerous masterpieces in art, music, architecture, and literature which people still enjoy today. These opus magnums along with the philosophies during the two periods are reflections of the developments in world events and cultural patterns. This paper will present two pieces of art, music, architecture, literature, and philosophy from the Enlightenment and Romanic Ages that best represents the developments patterns from that time. Read More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor Alexandra Iftodi Zamfir (1986- ) argues that â€Å"architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of th e American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)Read MoreInterior Design Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesInterior and Spatial Design 2010 My interest in space, design and architecture led me to choose this slightly more unique and diverse essay title. In this essay I chose to look in depth at the connection between pieces of interior or spatial design with more traditional pieces of art such as paintings. I wanted to explore how a space or room can be seen as art and how it can create moods and feelings just as strongly and easily and traditional pieces. A particular piece of spatial design thatRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of North ern England went through an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreGothic Architecture: Ruskins Influence on Britain2646 Words   |  11 PagesJohn Ruskin was not an architect by trade. However, he had a strong impact on architecture in Britain in more ways than any other architect of his time. Ruskin was an English art critic and social thinker, but he maintained a deep passion for architecture. Ruskin published many works on architecture, naturalism in art, and moral issues–his essays on art and architecture were especially influential in the Victorian period. Ruskin was born on February 8th, 1819 in London, England. He became very wellRead MoreModernism, Modernity and Modernisation: Urban Growth in Melbourne Between the Wars1533 Words   |  7 Pageswhat mans eye seeks in our era, in our time, is not the ponderous solidity of traditional architecture where everything was built to four walls around a room and spaces that were finite. But rather our eyes seek transparency, lightness... being able to look through things.† (http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/modern-austn-architecture) Although Seidler’s designs flourished after World War Two, his works utilised the new materials, technology and machinery that the Modernist

History and Major Milestones

History and Major Milestones History and Major Milestones History and Major Milestones History and Major Milestones History and Major Milestones History and Major Milestones

Discrimination Has Been Around For Centuries Essay

Discrimination has been around for centuries. According to Webster’s dictionary (2016), Discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people. Race, gender, age, and sexual orientation can all be reasons as to why individuals experiences discrimination, as well as a person’s national origin, weight, and religion. Discrimination has caused enormous suffering across history. In today’s society discrimination still exists, it is far less prevalent however it remains in certain areas, such as the labor market. A research study on race and gender differences in employment typically assumes discrimination as an important causal mechanism (Roscigno, Garcia, Zeher, 2007). The workplace has sometimes been referred to as an unwelcoming place for women due to the multiple forms of gender differences present (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). Examples of how workplace discrimination negatively aï ¬â‚¬ects women’s earnings and opportunities are the gender income gap, the scarcity of women in leadership, and the longer time required for women versus men to advance in their careers (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). According to Roscigno et al., (2007), Race and gender in the labor market have received considerate attention by researchers over the past twenty years. Researchers have also gained evidence to report that men earn more than women even when they are in the same occupation (Roscigno et al., 2007). InShow MoreRelatedThe Ideas Of Discrimination During The 20th Century1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ideas of Discrimination A controversial topic since the 20th century, discrimination was and continues to be a concept of heated discussion all over the world. In the past one hundred years, we have continued to make an effort to defeat discrimination, but a closer look shows that, even with all the effort put against it, discrimination still runs rampant all around the world. Since the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the entire world has made large advancementsRead MoreRacism And Racism985 Words   |  4 Pages‘racism’ is often used, but is overlooked due to its constant reoccurrence in society. Although it is tossed around as a general term, it can be overshadowed and its meaning and disgust can be hidden well. Racism can be defined as the idea that one’s qualities are more supreme than another’s based on their skin color; some attributes reflecting racism are acting out false accusations, discrimination and hate. Accusation Racism is a blanket term for a wide variety of oppression that people of colorRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Responsibilities1116 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s societies depending on the geographical areas around the world, gender roles are socially divided. However other geographic countries completely equal, such as Iceland. Laws such as a third gender option at birth, then decision followed by the child. The third gender option would be judged negatively in some other geographic parts of our globally social societies. What kind of impact do gender roles have on our society? There has been many changes in gender roles recently. Feminist approachRead MoreRacial Discrimination : Racism And Discrimination1244 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you know who to discriminate against. What type of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the NativeRead MoreSexual Identity Discrimination1297 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Identity Discrimination According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation is defined as an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes (APA, 2008). Moreover, the definition offered suggests that sexual orientation does not solely relate as a characteristic of an individual but is most reflective of a relationship with another individual (APA, 2008). In the United States, those with a sexual orientation describedRead MoreCaste : Emphasis On Discrimination1542 Words   |  7 PagesCaste: Emphasis on Discrimination Nelson Mandela was once quoted stating â€Å"We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination† (Brainy Quote, n.d., retrieved November 30, 2016). When Mandella made this statement, it is unclear if he was referring to any one society, or country; although it was clear he was referring to the discrimination of all people. In the 21st century where there is a continuing emphasisRead MoreB Dubois Prejudice And Discrimination1717 Words   |  7 PagesW.E.B Dubois-Prejudice and Discrimination Since the beginning of history around the 1600’s slavery was common, and people were used to pick crops and do other things their owners required of them. Slavery lasted till around the late 1800’s when the 13th amendment was adopted and slavery was abolished. In the 20th and 21st century is when African Americans were starting to be treated as first class citizens. Today one of the most powerful men in the United States is an African American; he holdsRead MoreRacial Separatism1395 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics. The introduction of these terms produces racial discrimination within a society. Racial discrimination has been a thorn in the side of yesterdays, todays and future generations because of its adverse effect on critical areas of ones life such as healthcare, economics, wealth and social media. Racial discrimination whether indirect or direct is a part of life that is constantly being battled with on a daily basis. Racial discrimination and welfare goes hand in hand if you were African AmericanRead MoreDiscrimination In The Kite Runner1698 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries, society has been plagued with the sickness that is discrimination. People have taken it upon themselves to have the right to discriminate against others, basing their prejudice on parts of others that they themselves cannot control such as age, race or gender. From past to present, many have faced segregation and the damaging ripple effect it has on their lives. This is especially true for minorities in the world who are singled out and treated as inferiors based on physical traits

The Death Penalty The History - 1297 Words

The Death Penalty: The History Death is said to be the worst punishment one can obtain. The law has been made in a way that the ultimate worst punishment one can receive is the death penalty. The action of killing others in the name of the law has been around since before 1000 BC and is still around to this day. There was a time when any crime committed would result in your death, whether you stole 4 pence or you murdered your neighbour. As time went on, the laws have become more just, allowing only those who has committed a terrible crime to be put to death or even abolishing the death penalty altogether depending on the location. Historically the abolishment or diminishment of the death penalty proved to be much more successful. In the†¦show more content†¦Another large set of laws that was used and has now influenced law in our day is The Draconian Law written in 7th century Greece. This set of laws made almost every crime punishable by death. According to Kenny Sarisky from California State University , in 11th century England they didn t have any sort of containment facilities so they would use death as a way to solve all crimes. They would hold trials but they weren’t just in any way. They would make the convicted criminals perform tasks such as hold a burning hot lead rod then bandage their wounds, if three days later their wounds were infected then they would be killed. Petty criminals were sentenced to death as well, one record was of a man who stole 4 pence in 1278 who was killed. Depending on what crime they committed or what class in society they were, criminals would suffer different deaths. For the lower class they would get hung because it was considered the most demeaning (Sarisky). Most women would be burned at the stake for their crimes although only 10% of criminal cases in Europe were women (McGlynn). The main crime committed by woman was infanticide which was the act of killing your own child. Often they would kill their daughters because families prefere d having sons. Dead bodies or severed body parts of the criminals who received the death penalty would sometimes become toys for the children who would kick them around or beatShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Death Penalty1652 Words   |  7 PagesForms of the Death Penalty Ancient China - First established death penalty laws 18th century BCE - Code of king Hammurabi of Babylon - Earliest form of unified system of justice. Death penalty for 25 crimes, including an â€Å"eye for an Eye† 16th century BCE - Egypt - first historically recorded death sentence (a man was accused of using magic) 14th century BCE - Hittite code - also prescribed the death penalty 621 BCE - Draconian code of Athens - ‘the death penalty appliedRead MoreHistory of the Death Penalty517 Words   |  2 Pages Beheading? Firing Squad? Hanging? Falling from a height? All forms of the death penalty. Not only do they have the death penalty in America but also in other places like Britain, Saudi Arabia, Iran and many other places. The first death penalty laws go way back to the eighteenth century, in Babylon. In the tenth century hanging was the major execution style, later in this century William the Conqueror did not allow people to be hanged for any reason unless in times of war, that didn’t lastRead MoreThe Death Penalty Throughout History1074 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper explores how society has influenced the development of the death penalty throughout history. It begins with a brief explanation of the origins of capital punishment, referencing the first known documentation of actions punishable by death. The paper goes on to explore different methods of execution and how they have progressed and changed over the years. Documented cases at different points of history are referenced to show the relationship of time periods and beliefs to the implementationRead MoreHistory of Death Penalty in Texas2397 Words   |  10 PagesHistory of the Death Penalty in Texas During the historical era in the state of Texas, the use of the death penalty was common and frequent; before 1923 districts carried out executions themselves, in the form of hanging. However in 1923 the state of Texas prepared every execution to be carried out by the state in Huntsville using the electric chair as the method of execution. The state of Texas put to death their first prisoner by electrocution on February 8, 1924 and there were four more executionsRead MoreHistory and Laws of Death Penalty2834 Words   |  11 PagesDeath penalty is the execution of an offender who is sentenced to death after being convicted for committing a heinous crime. Death penalty differs from extrajudicial penalty in the sense that for a person to be penalised to death he or she must be convicted by law, whereas extrajudicial penalty is carried out without the permission of the court. Death penalty and capital punishment are often used interchangeably but there is a marked difference between the two. Death penalty becomes capital punishmentRead MoreThe History of the Death Penalty Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the history of man there has always existed a sort of rule pertaining to retribution for just and unjust acts. For the just came rewards, and for the unjust came punishments. This has been a law as old as time. One philosophy about the treatment of the unjust is most controversial in modern time and throughout our history; which is is the ethical decision of a death penalty. This controversial issue of punishment by death has been going on for centuries. It dates back to as early as 399Read MoreDeath Penalties Throughout History1443 Words   |  6 Pagesput the perpetrator to death. Ancient civilizations to modern day people have implemented the death penalty to ensure the well-being, and sometimes discipline, of societies around the globe. The first official legal use of the death penalty dates back to the eighteenth century B.C. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon. Here the King noted 25 crimes to be punishable by death. In seventh century B.C. Greece, the Draconian Code of Athens established death as the only penalty to be dealt for all crimesRead MoreDeath Penalty Changes throughout History605 Words   |  2 Pagesand left 31 wounded, for which he was sentenced to death. The capital punishment system allows for such atrocious criminals to be fairly punished and kept off the streets thus giving families of the victims much needed closure .Capital punishment is the lawful infliction of death as punishment for a crime. The death penalty has been around since the existence of man if you killed someone you would be killed. Capital punishments were also the penalty for many crimes in the British colonies before theRead MoreHistory of the Death Penalty and Why It Is Not Wrong Essay3300 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"I personally have always voted for the death penalty because I believe that people who go out prepared to take the lives of other people forfeit their own right to live. I believe that the death penalty should be used only very rarely, but I believe that no-one should go out certain that no matter how cruel, how vicious, how hideous their murder, they themselves will not suffer the death penalty.† – Margaret Thatcher The death penalty has been promoted for thousands of years, for countlessRead MoreDeath Penalty : The Penalty1475 Words   |  6 Pages DEATH PENALTY BY TURKI ARUGI 6/15/2015 ELS LANGUAGE CENER Death Penalty When someone hears about death penalty the first thing that comes up to the mind is murder, robbery, treachery but not every crime is punishable by death penalty. It is indeed a punishment for severe crimes which are not forgivable or can be done in a prison. Sometimes death penalty is the only option left for the government or it may be too dangerous to let the person to stay alive. Death penalty is one of the most

Imported Cars Essay Example For Students

Imported Cars Essay Picture yourself in Orange County, California. As you walk on the gravel covered road, you spy a bright neon green Honda Prelude. When you take a close look, you will see all kinds of logos. Pokemon, Honda, Greddy, Mugen, Transformer, TriZone, Kamikaze, Weapon R, Neuspeed, Barely Street Legal, HKS, Xenon, DC Sports, Catz, Nakayama, Venom, Napolex, Tokico, Momo, Honda Sport, and Street Glow are all popular logos you can find anywhere. As you turn a cheek, the suns bright beam is reflecting off the shiny chrome wheels. Since it is hurting your eyes, you turn around; right in front of you is a sticker that says Greddy Racing Exhaust System. As your eyes wonder downward, you see the 4. 5-inch exhaust tip. You stand up and leave with a huge smile and say, That is going to be my car one day. Stickers are the main characters in import car shows. You can always get stickers of anything and about anything if your car is great, as any import car owner hopes it to be. To have millions of people admire your car as much as you do, your car will need to be unique by using manufacture logos. The manufacture owner then gives you their logos, turbo chargers, leather seats, exhaust systems, and so on. It is obvious that import cars are more for looks then speed. Spoilers are the main item for dressing up the rear of the car. You can always keep the old-fashion manufacture spoiler that came with your car, but the spoiler that really makes heads turn are the custom made ones. Favorites among the custom spoilers are the samurai sword holder and the high wing. The high wing is made for looks and little for speed. The only true owners of the high wing spoilers are Toyota owners. Samurai sword holder spoilers are basically the same as three-piece spoilers. The three-piece spoilers are only for looks because they do not have the aerodynamic figure or slick designs. Chang 44 Every running car has to have an exhaust system. If you want a lot of speed, you would want a racing exhaust system. A racing exhaust system contains a racing header, a provision pipe with a custom tip. Mini draggers are another approach for looks, sound, and some speed. You can hear a mini dragger from miles away. My mommy always told me If you cant say anything nice then dont say it all. Therefore, Im not going to say anything bad about the manufacturers stock exhaust system. You will be able to find the sports exhaust system in the after market. The sports exhaust is the inexpensive exhaust; all because it is mainly for looks then speed. There are many choices available for the interest of the owner. The most important accent to any import car is the body kit. The regular manufacture body is within a traditional framework. The manufacture style will catch some attention, however, with a custom, wide body, or shogun body kit will really set you apart. A custom body kit is the most expensive of the three, but it is really worth it. For example, you can have your name engraved in the body of the car. Half of the import car owners that I know have a custom or wide body kit on the car. The wide body gives the car a reassuring feeling. You feel like a big man driving a unique car. The shogun body kit is basically a vampire look. It makes other racers feel a little scared. Color gives the car and its driver a personality. Dark metallic colors represent no fear, ready to go anytime. .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .postImageUrl , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:hover , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:visited , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:active { border:0!important; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:active , .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271 .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub058b3c7e77cc2f3ed191d6b8b1e6271:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Emily Dickinson EssayBright metallic colors, on the other hand, shows signs of happiness and fun. Lights really turn heads at night. If you have different taillights, you would most likely get the popular points from people. Custom taillights are very popular at import shows and highly priced. If you cant afford custom taillights, all you would have would be stickers on your lights, which would look weird and cheap. Rims are the wheels to success. The three main kinds of rims are racing designs, ADR designs, and alloy wheels. If you want good rims, you should go with racing designs. Racing designs are lightweight and durable with slick designs. ADR however are rims that are all for looks. ADR rims are heavy and very durable with slick designs. Alloy rims are mostly for speed. Since alloy is so light, they are not as durable. However, they consist of many slick designs. To conclude this research paper, which cars are really indeed are for looks then speed. All of the examples I have given you are few of many things that make your car look better and possibly make your car slower then it really is.

Coffee shops essay free essay sample

This study includes two of the biggest coffee chains within UK. Their analysis regarding segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy is described below. Also there is an approach for their existing adverting, unique selling propositions, media consumption, consumer behaviour and external factors 1. Introduction The brand Costa Coffee is a leading UK high street coffee chain which was founded in 1971 and comprises (Costa, Costa Metro, Costa Express, and Proud to Serve Costa and Costa Drive Thru outlets). It also present a variety of outlet designs to accompany each of its formats, one is ‘Metro’ which suits the younger/urban consumers and the second one ‘Evolution’ which is aimed to more mature customers in provincial locations. Costa provides a wide range of coffee drinks ( such as espresso to Americano to macchiato and mocha) but not only drinks, it provides food items as well such as paninis, sandwiches, wraps, toasts, cakes, snacks, pastries and fresh fruit and yoghurt. (www. costa. co. uk) Starbucks entered the European market in May 1998 through its acquisition of 65 Seattle Coffee Company stores in the UK. The name and their logo come from aquatic terms, it was named after the first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick and their logo is inspired by the sea featuring a twin-tailed siren from Greek mythology. It offers over 30 assortment and single-origin premium arabica coffees, as well as coffe based beverages and coffee such as: fresh-brewed coffee, hot and ices espresso, coffee and non-coffee blended beverages, Vivano smoothies and Tazo teas). It also provides fresh food such as: pastries, sandwiches, salads, oatmeal, yogurt parfaits and fruit cups. (www. starbucks. co. uk) 2. Segmentation, targeting and positioning 2. 1. Starbuckss and Costas segmentation Regarding the packaging, Starbucks products offer FlavorLock technology, which is used to release the carbon dioxide through a one-way valve, without allowing oxygen in. 76% of consumers would like to see on their favourite brand that can stock their promotional products which can stay fresh for several months, which Starbucks is emphasising this approach which is appealing to consumers. Starbucks has a wide range of products such as: Bottle Drinks which can take away wherever you go, Brewed Tea which is made from the world’s most delicious teas and botanicals, Chocolate Beverages which is catalogued as â€Å"Luxurious hot chocolate for the sophisticated palate†, Espresso Beverages which include: lattes, cappuccinos, macchiato, mochas and more, Filter Coffee which is artfully roasted and brewed fresh all day long, every day and Frappuccino Blended Beverages which can help consumers to cool down with one of their icy blended beverages. The majority of the products can be enjoyed in every time of a day, except for coffee which is most likely to drink in the morning. Costa, for example has decided to change the actual packaging for their products, the new packaging has been designed to use fewer resources, saving over 18 tonnes of paper annually, which also creates an appeal for consumers by showing the concern about the environment. Both of the brands are using different methods to satisfy consumer’s needs. Costa also provide a wide range of products, compared with Starbucks which provides products for breakfast and lunch and Costa has products based more on breakfast shows that their target is different. Both have similar products to offer, Costas range of products such as: Coffees which they consider that after 40 years of experience are made from the finest beans and techniques to ensure that every cup makes the grade. Mocha Hot Chocolate, Speciality Drinks, a wide range of tea (Everyday tea, Decaffeinated tea, Earl tea, Long Jing Green Tea, Gingersnap Peach tea) which also shows how Costas tea tailor towards culture needs and preferences (refer to. ), Costa Ice, Food more oriented on breakfast, the brand is providing an easy and quick way to grab a great-tasting coffer from their touch-screen machines which uses fresh milk and fresh Costa beans to make they costumers that will always enjoy a great Costa taste. 2. 2. Starbucks’s and Costa’s targeting Costa outperforms other brands in this market with an influence came from its Whitebread parentage. However, alongside this visibility is satisfaction, which has an influence over the commitment and usage. On the other hand, Starbucks’ brand is affected by perceptions of ethicality, which has an impact on the way that people see the brand. As a result, trust in brand has been eroded. While there are many consumers who see Starbuck’s brand ethical because of its fair trade and environmental credential, people over 35 years old are more likely to think of it as unethical which has an influence on momentum and commitment levels. Costa has launched two new concept stores in central London targeting urban markets but in the same time targeting different segments. The first store is a metropolitan themed store located in Great Portland street which aims to attract a younger crowd, while the other is a refurbished in Farringdon with a ‘fast service’ air which aims to attract business people on the move. The following figure shows that Costa and Starbucks are the most desirable brands on the market, Costa being situated on the first position. The number of people who avoid Starbucks brand is due to the concerns that consumer have, also is contributing to make Starbucks the most divisive within coffee brands. This brand also present a higher avoidance from consumers over 55 years old compared with other brands. Targeting strategy that Starbucks coffee chai has approached is differentiated one. They offer a wide and varied of separate marketing mixes in order to aim different products at segments. For example they offer â€Å"Grab and go† which is targeting young professionals mostly and a wide range of cold drinks having different flavours aimed to teens. Allowing them to offer more products to more than one segment represent a greater satisfaction of needs for separate customer groups at the same time which will make the business to have an increase in their growth. Costa also adopts the same targeting strategy as Starbucks. They offer the service called â€Å"Costa at Home† aiming to target the busy working class who would like to have their favourite brand at home in case that they cannot have a visit at one of their stores. They also provide a fast way to have their brand with â€Å"Costa Express† service aiming consumers that are always on the go, providing fresh milk and fresh Costa beans and one way to prove this is that nine out of ten coffee lovers would recommend â€Å"Costa Express† service to their friends. 2. 3. Starbucks’s and Costa’s positioning. â€Å"Positioning is the act of the designing the company’s offering and image so that they occupy a meaningful and distinctive competitive position in the target customer’s mind. † (Kotler, 2006) Position for Starbucks is situated in a high market in both terms regarding price and quality. Their high quality for all of the products and together with their great service, Starbucks have made strong allowances to ensure that their positioning have a high price justified in the market place which is not making their consumers to be intimidate. Considering Costa’s products which are making their products to be easier available for consumers compared with Starbucks, shows that they have a stronger position. The table below shows a small selection of coffee products prices that are very current in this year and helps us to see the pricing positioning strategy that Costa and Starbucks have. Caffee Nero is also part of this table due to the fact that is situated along those two brands as the leading chains in UK. 3. Starbucks’s and Costa’s existing advertising. Existing Advertising: Starbucks Starbucks Origin Espresso This advert is shown on Starbucks. co. uk, they plan to share great coffee and help their customers to discover new tastes. Throughout this year they will share different Origin Espresso, every type of this coffee will be as a limited edition. They are making their customers to try their new product which considered being â€Å"soft and velvety† which also comes along with the softness of the cocoa and the velvety and sweet taste of the citrus. Vanilla Spice Latte Chai Tea Latte Valentine’s Day Advertising Existing Advertising: Costa Christmas Advertising Costa Ice Costa at Home 4. Starbucks’s and Costa’s USP. Starbucks’s USP Their mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit: â€Å"one person, one cup and one neighbourhood as a time. † They state that it has and it will always be about quality representing one of the strongest USP of Starbucks brand; The process until the order is served represent an extensive way of preparing it. Another USP that Starbucks provide are a set of technologies and marketing initiatives making a more innovative feel among consumers. Every Monday, Starbucks have free iTunes download session and they have another interesting strategy when ordering costumers name are written on their cups. Costa’s USP Being the only coffee shop in the world that source 100% of their beans from farms certified by the Rainforest Alliance, which means that all the farms that produce their coffee use sustainable practices and are annually audited to ensure they continue to do the same practices. This represents one of Costa’s USP. Another USP of the brand is the Italian heritage, as they say â€Å"The perfect cup† in four â€Å"M† (Miscela: which is a unique blend that they call Mocha Italia, Macinatura: they tend to compare the way to grind the beans with the Italian Ferrari engine Macchina: they use special Italian espresso machines and Manna: the usage of Barista skills that are learnt in their Coffee Academy including extensive intensive training in order to reach excellence. ) 5. Starbucks’s and Costa’s Media Consumption. Starbucks’s media consumption In September 2012 Starbucks launched an online shopping site introducing at the same time its Verismo coffee machine for sale in the UK. They also launched an Android all in July 2012 in order to extend its pay-by-mobile app offering. It consists in using PayPal technology to allow their costumers to pay via their smartphones. They created a campaign that aims to promote the purchase at the beginning of the working week, so they’ve created the Mondays-only promotions such as latte coffees being discounted to 1. 50 pounds before 11am. Also, the have created a campaign, featuring the slogan â€Å"Monday Can be Great†, where some event and inventions were highlighted such as: the first steps on the moon, the launch of Big Ben and the UK’s first cinema and weather forecast. Alongside the campaign, a TV spot was included, along with print, outdoor, online and in-store advertising. Costa’s media consumption In collaboration with Rainforest Alliance, Costa has launched â€Å"Costa for Schools† which involved an online educational pack to help teachers and secondary schools students (aged 11-14) all over UK to gain more knowledge about the coffee trade such as communities and economies in coffee-growing countries. Using social media (Facebook), Costa attempted to increase consumer interaction in January 2013 by lauching â€Å"Costa Snap of the Week† which asks fans to post a picture of their favourite Costa Moments on the online wall. Also, by using Facebook, they launched an app in August 2012 for its Coffee Club members where the app provided costumers direct access to their accounts from within Facebook. When is first launched, Costa gave away 10 million loyalty points on Facebook as part of a promotional drive. In October 2012, Costa launched a major new TV campaign. It was an ad regarding the one-minute ‘Costa Coffee Lovers’ featuring the slogan ‘At Costa we put our heart and soul into everything we do. You can feel it in every cup. ’ The campaign was sustained by print and in-store marketing. They also created a satisfaction for their costumers which were encouraged to make their own version of the song which appeared in the ad and post it on the Costa’s Facebook page. 6. Starbucks’s and Costa’s Consumer Behaviour theory. Decision Making Unit (DMU): The following table shows the factors that are involved in decision making unit applying for both brands. Initiator Adverts, family and friends Influencer Adverts, friends, family and stores in general Financer Parents, person themselves (dependent on the target market) Buyer Parents, person themselves (dependent on the target market) User Target audiences The elements showed above are the same for both brands as they offer quite similar products and services. Decision Making Process (DMP): Compared with DMU, this step is more complicated due to levels of involvements and different target markets. Need recognition/problem awareness Problem recognition starts when taking the decision on what to choose because both brands offer a wide range of products. Also they offer food products. Information Research Consumers showed earlier that they do not prefer a certain brand when it comes to take a decision when choosing a coffee. But information research can vary, if an impulse purchase appears, the consumer is more likely to be brand loyal, and therefore information research will be short. On the other hand, if it is a high involvement, such as consumers who pay attention into their calories the information research will be high. Evaluation of alternatives Evaluation of alternatives can vary and depends on the consumer’s needs and what the brand can offer. If a consumer is looking for a Italian made coffee they will point for Costa. Purchase There is a two way to pay for the products. One way to pay is done in store and the other way can be done from consumers’ smartphones, the second way of payment can be done online as well. Post purchase The last step from this process cannot say that unplanned purchases would be regrettable for consumers and they will be more likely to repeat the purchase. 7. Starbucks’s and Costa’s External Factors. PESTEL Power: For both brands we can use the same factors due to the similar products that they offer to their customers. Political Coffee beans are grown in developing countries. There are discussions regarding work conditions and also political influences which come from tariffs and taxes. Economic Due to the economic recession from 2008 consumers tend to be more cautious with their expenses. Therefore, both brands must take into consideration their prices. Social/cultural People tend to spend more and more money on coffee (UK: 738m pounds). When customers are visiting one of the stores they do not only buy a coffee, they also chose to take a sit and relax. Technological Machines are available for home usage presenting a low price and good quality. Environment Regarding awareness for environment, both coffee brand have to be concerned about their way of how coffee beans are produced, the way they design their supply chain and regarding the way they prepare and sell their products. Legal This factor is related to Political.